![]() This thesis makes an original contribution by furthering understanding of the role of the media in supporting an emerging democracy in the Kurdistan Region after 2003. ![]() However, there are also many other factors, such as cultural, political and economic pressures that affect the development of the media. In any new transitional democracy, the media will be influenced by the new political system and they will frequently be criticised for being unable to act as a watchdog because of the close relationship with the political elites. This thesis has chosen the Kurdistan Region of Iraq as a case study to examine the media’s function in newly democratised countries. We evaluate these expectations using panel data on executive branch attacks on the press in 175 countries, from 1949 to 2016, and find strong support. In addition, we suggest that these constraints can function as substitutes we anticipate the reductive effect of judicial independence wanes as the level of electoral democracy rises, making courts vital to protecting journalists in less democratic systems. We expect that attacks are less likely when courts can make adverse rulings and when citizens can vote leaders out of office. ![]() ![]() What explains this variation? We argue that executives decide to repress or to respect the press based on the sanctions they anticipate from two important constituencies: courts and citizens. Because of this, some executives run interference-censoring newspapers, harassing journalists, and shutting down media outlets-whereas other executives do not. A free and independent press monitors government actions, broadcasts public grievances, and facilitates debate and dissent among citizens.
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